Types of Defects

Defects are primarly classified into Product Defects and Process Defects:

Product Defects: Product Defects are the defects that are introduced and detected during the various stages of software development life cycle. While the defects get introduced during the various activities of the phase, the detection occurs during reviews and various types of testing efforts. The various types of defects occuring during the SDLC activities can be categorized as follows:

- Functionality Errors
- External Interface Errors
- Performance Problems
- Environment Errors

Examples of SDLC defects:

Requirements: Performance Exceptions of the system not properly defined
Design: Program Specifications did not specify of number of decimal places
Design: Architecture was not perperly planned
Coding: Variable no initialized, Missing if condition

Process Defects: Process defects are caused during execution of project and usually detected during audits. While such defects get introduced during various project activities and get detected during various conducted during the project life cycle. All such defects are of the nature of deviations in process implementations of the organization or the project. Though it is difficult to draw a co-relation between process and product defects, however, the existence of process defects are indicative of larger number of product defects. Also, existence of such defects raise a question mark about the quality of the software product.

Examples of Process Defects:

- Risk Management Plan is not in place
- Change request impact on schedule and effort not reflected
- Project Management Plan not kept up to date with current status of the project
- Requirements tracking is incomplete
- Review Plan is not adequate
- Requirements gathering strategy not defined for the product
- Quality goals are not tracked
- Issue tracking mechanism is adhoc

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Configuration Audits and Checklist

Configuration audits provide a mechanism for determining the degree to which the current state of the system is consistent with the latest baseline and documentation. They provide greater visibility into the status of a project by evaluating the status of the items. They also determine the traceability from requirements and CRs to the implementation by investigating the baselines and changes to the baselines.

SCM activities are constantly carried out during the development or major enhancement cycle of a product. Configuration items are identified, baselines are established and changes to baselined items are carried out in a formal way. The status accounting provides the information of the SCM activities that have been carried out. When the product the ready for release / delivery, it is necessary to establish that the software product has been build in accordance with the requirements including the approved CRs. In other words, we perform a formal review to verify that the product being delivered will work as advertised, promoted or in any way promised to the customers.

Configuration audits provide such a review. They are not the same as quality audits or product tests. However, they use the information available as an outcome of the quality audits and testing along with the configuration status accounting information, to provide assurance that what was required has been build. Configuration audits are typically performed at the time of delivery and major upgrades to the software.

By ensuring that only reviewed, verified and validated products are checked into the baseline and that only baselines are used to generate releases, the assurance is given that non-conforming products are not released. This is as per the ISO 9001 requirement. Further, by use of configuration audits prior to delivery, we ensure that the actual delivery made is of the correct product.

The audit team typically includes persons independent of the project’s configuration controller or other project team members. Configuration audits can be logically divided into two parts, the functional configuration audit and the physical configuration audit.

The objective of functional configuration audit is to verify that a configuration item is in accordance with its software requirements. The audit team will consist of 3-4 members comprising the customer representative, independent quality assurance members and configuration controller of other projects. The project manager, configuration controller and the testers of the project form the auditee team.

The project team presents the summary of the status of the requirements, the baselines, the CRs and Engineering Change Order and the Verification & Validation activities carried out. Any requirements that are not yet implemented or could not be tested are also presented as deviations to the FCA team.

The FCA team satisfies itself that the deviations will not reduce the effectiveness of the software that is being delivered. The FCA team also studies the CRs, check-in, check-out registers and the test reports to ensure that what has been developed and tested is complete with respect to the requirements. At the end of audit, the FCA team will identify all issues for which action is required.

The objective of the physical configuration audit is to ensure that items in the baseline are of the right version. The physical configuration audit typically follows the functional configuration audit and can be performed by the same audit team or a subset of the functional audit team. The main task is to ensure that naming, numbering and physical location of the configuration items is according to the laid out procedures and standards. If the functional audit is successful, the physical audit typically ends up identifying wrongly versioned configuration items or configuration items not properly checked-in. The issues raised by the physical configuration audit team also need to be closed through the appropriate actions.
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Vehicle insurance

Vehicle insurance (also known as auto insurance, car insurance, or motor insurance) is insurance purchased for cars, trucks, and other vehicles. Its primary use is to provide protection against losses incurred as a result of traffic accidents and against liability that could be incurred in an accident.

Tips on Selecting An Insurance Company

When shopping for auto insurance, do a little homework first, shop around, and select your insurer carefully. Your insurer should offer both fair prices and excellent service. These tips will help you find the right insurer for you:

* Know your state's auto insurance requirements:

Most states require you to carry a minimum amount of liability coverage. Many states have "no-fault" auto insurance systems. Coverage for medical costs for you and your passengers is optional in some states. Coverage for damage to your car is optional.

* Write up your personal auto insurance profile:

List pertinent information concerning what type of vehicle you drive, where you drive, who else drives, what your driving record is, where you live, what optional safety features your car has. This profile will make the next step easier.

* Comparison Shop:

Prices for the same coverage can vary by hundreds of dollars, so it pays to shop around. Ask your friends, check the Yellow Pages, and call your state insurance department for guidance. Contact insurance agents or companies for general pricing information. Select a few insurers for personalized quotes.

* Meet with potential insurance agents:

Make a few appointments, bring your personal auto insurance profile with you, and ask questions. You want a fair price AND quality service. Ask about available discounts, higher deductibles, service options and claims procedures after accidents. Take notes.

* Compare Again:

Consider cost, coverage offered, and quality of service available. Select your insurer.

* Read your policy:

Yes, even the fine print! Ask questions. Keep your policy at hand. Call your insurer to keep your policy up-to-date, inform your agent of any changes (new car, new job, new driver, etc.), and ask periodically about any possible discounts. Review your policy yearly with your insurer.

* Keep your insurance information with you:

Many states require drivers to carry a proof-of-insurance card with them when driving. Ask your insurer for a card, and keep it in your wallet or in your car.

Allianz Life Indonesia received an award as the Best Life Insurance Insurance First in Media Award 2009

Allianz Life Indonesia received an award as the Best Life Insurance First in the category of life insurance with capital above Rp. 250 billion, from Media Insurance Insurance Awards 2009. Peniliaian conducted, based on the financial statements for 2007 and 2008 which have been published, reflecting the strength of financial performance of Allianz Life Indonesia among other insurance companies in Indonesia.
Seremoial Media Event Insurance Insurance Awards 2009 took place on June 11, 2009, at the Grand Melia Hotel, Jakarta. Jens Resich, CEO of Allianz Life Read More accept the award represents the company.

For perhargaan year, Insurance Media Research Institute categorize all the contestants into four different categories, for life insurance companies and the public, according to Capital; under Rp. 50 billion, Rp. 50 to 100 billion, Rp. 100 to 250 billion and above Rp. 250 billion. Allianz Life Indonesia won the Best Life Insurance First in the category of assets above Rp. 250 billion, while the Commonwealth Life and AXA Mandiri Financial Services won their respective positions and Third Second Best.

This award focuses on excellent performance in profit and growth rates of premium in the financial industry conditions are challenging. Allianz Life registered the highest profit growth of 201.88%, from Rp. 42.5 billion in 2007 to Rp. 128.3 billion in 2008 and also premiunya atmospheres increase the income of Rp. 2.73 trillion to Rp. 2.89 trillion. Overall, the main indicators are outperformed 44 other insurance in the assessment.

Year 2008 has provided the highest return for the achievement of Allianz Life Indonesia. This success comes from quality insurance solutions and stable, particularly unit-linked regular premiums as the backbone of the product and selling and distribution channels and bancassurance agency a strong and reliable.

"We are very grateful for the trust given to our customers and also tremendous support from all business partners and employees," said Jens Reisch.

Health insurance

Health insurance is a type of insurance products that specifically guarantee the cost of health care or treatment of the members of the insurance if they fall ill or have an accident. Generally, there are two types of treatment offered by insurance companies, namely hospitalization (in-patient treatment) and outpatient (out-patient treatment).

Health insurance products held either by the social insurance companies, insurance companies, as well as general insurance companies.

In Indonesia, PT Askes Indonesia is one of the social insurance companies which hold health insurance to its members who are mainly civil servants both civil and non-civilian. Their children are also guaranteed up to the age of 21 years. The retiree and his wife or the husband is also guaranteed for life.

Some insurance companies and life insurance also has marketing programs of health insurance with a variety of different variants. In general, insurance companies health insurance program organized in cooperation with the hospital providers either directly or through intermediary institutions as an assistant hospital network management.

Quality assurance

Quality assurance, or QA for short, refers to planned and systematic production processes that provide confidence in a product's suitability for its intended purpose. Refer to the definition by Merriam-Webster for further information [1]. It is a set of activities intended to ensure that products (goods and/or services) satisfy customer requirements in a systematic, reliable fashion. QA cannot absolutely guarantee the production of quality products, unfortunately, but makes this more likely.

Two key principles characterise QA: "fit for purpose" (the product should be suitable for the intended purpose) and "right first time" (mistakes should be eliminated). QA includes regulation of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components; services related to production; and management, production and inspection processes.

It is important to realize also that quality is determined by the intended users, clients or customers, not by society in general: it is not the same as 'expensive' or 'high quality'. Even goods with low prices can be considered quality items if they meet a market need.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance